7 Plants Used in Phytoremediation That Can Clean Polluted Soil:
In recent decades, severe contamination of soils by heavy metals has been reported. It is, therefore, a matter of urgency to develop a new and effective technology for removing contaminants from soil.
The environmentally friendly solution to these problems is phytoremediation.
Phytoremediation literally translates as “restoring balance,” and can be described as the treatment of environmental (like toxic heavy metals) problems through the use of plants, that mitigate the environmental problem, without the need to excavate the contaminant material and dispose of it elsewhere.
Heavy metals are the leading factors in soil pollution because:
- the metals cannot be degraded biologically, but only transformed from one oxidation state or organic complex to another;
- the contamination is usually heterogeneous at the microscale and macroscale;
- the variability of heavy metal forms and the soil matrix influence the environmental risk assessment and the soil treatment feasibility.
Over the past years, this technology has become increasingly popular and has been employed at sites with soils contaminated with uranium, lead, and arsenic.
There are three types of phytoremediation processes, including:
- Phytometabolism – plants break down toxic material into non-toxic forms.
- Phytoextraction – uses hyperaccumulating plants, like common sunflowers, to take up and store pollutants in stems, roots, and leaves (the most frequent method).
- Phytovolatilization – plants convert pollutants to a gas released into the atmosphere.
7 Best Plants for Phytoremediation
#1 Brassica juncea
Brassica juncea, also known as Indian mustard, mustard greens, Chinese mustard, and leaf mustard, is a species of mustard plant. It is a perennial herb, commonly grown as a biennial or annual, up to 1 meter or taller.
Brassica juncea is one of the easiest vegetables to grow, and it has been shown to be effective at accumulating high tissue concentrations of lead (Pb) when grown in contaminated soil with the addition of a chelating agent, such as EDTA.
#2 Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus)
When people speak of sunflowers, they are almost always referring to common sunflowers, even though there are many other species.
The name sunflower may derive from the flower’s head’s shape, which resembles the sun, or from the false impression that the blooming plant appears to slowly turn its flower towards the sun as the latter moves across the sky on a daily basis.
Helianthus annuus can grow to astonishing heights and is a beautiful addition to balconies and gardens. Using sunflowers to clean lead out of soil has become popular in activist gardener circles.
#3 Willow (Salix viminalis)
It is a fast-growing native shrub, usually found in damp or wet situations in the countryside. It is widespread throughout both Ireland and Britain.
In 1999, a study performed by Tommy Landberg and Maria Greger concluded that Salix viminalis has considerable potential as a phytoextractor of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn), as Salix viminalis has some specific characteristics like a huge amount of biomass production and high transport capacity of heavy metals from root to shoot.
In addition, Willow can be used for the production of bioenergy in the biomass energy power plant.
#4 Alpine pennycress (Thlaspi caerulescens)
It is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae and is native to the mountains of southern and central Europe. Thlaspi caerulescens is especially effective in the uptake of cadmium and zinc.
For example, it can absorb 1500 ppm of Cd, whereas a normal plant would be poisoned at levels of 20 to 50 ppm.
#5 Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
It is an annual broadleaved weed and a member of the daisy or composite family. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is native to North America, but is a widespread and generally invasive weed in much of Australia, South America, and Eurasia.
According to a 1997 study, Ambrosia artemisiifolia is used in phytoremediation projects, removing heavy metals such as lead from the soil.
Note – Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen is one of the dominant pollen species provoking allergic reactions in about 26 percent of the US population.
#6 Populus trees
Populus is a genus of 25–35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere.
The genus has a large genetic diversity and can grow from anywhere between 15–50 meters tall, with trunks of up to 2.5 meters in diameter.
As one of the most often used tree species in phytoremediation, poplars play an important role in the remediation of contaminated sites.
Their advantages refer to high biomass production and rapid growth, high transpiration rate, easily vegetative propagation, and dependence upon groundwater levels. Poplars are well known as early successional tree species that inhabit newly formed alluvial soils.
#7 Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Barley is a member of the Poaceae family and a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. Hordeum vulgare L. was one of the first cultivated grains, especially in Eurasia, as early as 13,000 years ago.
Barley is currently popular in temperate areas, where it is grown as a summer crop and tropical areas, where it is sown as a winter crop. This plant is used for the extraction of sodium chloride to reclaim fields flooded with seawater.
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if one plants any of these to remediate soil, what should be done with the plant at the end of the season?